1385
1834-01-26
Con las ordenanzas de Córdoba de 1485 y de Medina del Campo de 1489 queda prefigurada la sala de Hijosdalgo de la Real Audiencia y Chancillería de Valladolid.
La Sala de Hijosdalgo era el tribunal de justicia para todos los asuntos, civiles o criminales, en los que al menos un litigante era de condición hidalga, y para todas las causas de hidalguía, siendo éstas últimas las mayoritarias. También juzgaba los asuntos de alcabalas. En un principio estaba formada por dos alcaldes y por los notarios de los reinos de Castilla, Toledo y León, que tenían la competencia sobre los asuntos de alcabalas. Los alcaldes, junto con los notarios correspondientes, juzgaban todos los pleitos y asuntos de hidalguía o referentes a hidalgos. Cuando en 1572 desaparecen los notarios, los asuntos de alcabalas pasan a resolverse en la Sala de Hijosdalgo, que aumenta en un alcalde.
A raíz de la visita de Juan de Zapata, en 1619 se crea la cuarta alcaldía de la Sala de Hijosdalgo. Aunque normalmente solía haber más alcaldes, éstas eran plazas supernumerarias que se creaban para cubrir ausencias, bajas por enfermedad o vacantes. Con Carlos III, en 1771 se determina que las salas de Hijosdalgo de las chancillerías de Valladolid y Granada se erigieran en segundas de lo criminal, aunque manteniendo sus propias funciones, ya que los asuntos de hidalguía habían disminuido en gran cantidad.
Además de los alcaldes y del presidente de la Chancillería, la sala de Hijosdalgo contaba con distintos cargos judiciales y oficiales dedicados a su funcionamiento, algunos de los cuales eran comunes al resto de salas de la Chancillería. Así, en el momento de existencia de mayor número de personal, ésta se componía de uno de los dos fiscales de la Chancillería, con su agente fiscal, que ejercía sus funciones también en la salas de lo Civil, donde tenía su residencia; dos escribanías de las diecinueve existentes; uno de los diecisiete relatores de la Chancillería; diez diligencieros; y uno de los once porteros de la Chancillería, que compartía con la sala de Vizcaya. Comunes al resto de salas de la Chancillería eran el repartidor y tasador de pleitos; el receptor de penas de cámara; treinta procuradores; veinte agentes; seis contadores; un alguacil mayor; seis alguaciles; y un pagador.
La sala de Hijosdalgo de la Real Audiencia y Chancillería de Valladolid tenía competencia sobre todos los asuntos relacionados con los hidalgos dentro del ámbito de actuación de la Real Audiencia y Chancillería de Valladolid.
Procesaba tres asuntos de diferente índole:
1. El pleito propiamente dicho de hidalguía, que podía concluir con la carta ejecutoria.
2. El expediente provisional, por el que la sala expedía una real provisión de dar estado conocido.
3. Las probanzas ad perpetuam rei memoriam.
Las sentencias de los pleitos de hidalguía o relativos a hidalgos, pronunciadas por los alcaldes de hijosdalgo, se podían apelar ante una de las cuatro salas de lo civil, dictando los oidores sentencia de vista. De ésta se podía apelar a la misma sala, dictando entonces el presidente y oidores sentencia de revista, con la que el pleito quedaba fenecido. El escribano seguía siendo el correspondiente a la Sala de Hijosdalgo.
Los notarios entendían en primera instancia y en apelación en los pleitos de alcabalas. En primera instancia atendían los pleitos de los vecinos del lugar de residencia de la chancillería y cinco leguas a la redonda, y se podía apelar a las salas de lo Civil y ante los contadores mayores. En apelación, los pleitos que se hubieran juzgado en primera instancia por las justicias locales del reino. Si la sentencia era confirmatoria de la anterior, no se podía suplicar más. Si era contradictoria, se podía suplicar ante los oidores.
Los distintos asuntos que se juzgaban en la Sala de Hijosdalgo se canalizaban en el repartimiento en varios partidos administrativos. Por un auto del Acuerdo expedido entre 1618 y 1620 se establecen y clarifican los siete partidos y tipos de pleitos y asuntos de hidalguía que encauzan, creándose con este auto los partidos sexto y séptimo.
Los tres primeros partidos canalizaban las demandas de hidalguía generales: por el primer partido, las demandas de tres personas; por el segundo, las demandas de dos personas; y por el tercero, las demandas de una persona. Por el partido cuarto, se repartían todas las peticiones ad perpetuam rei memoriam. Por el partido quinto, se reparten todos los pleitos de pobres; por el partido sexto, se reparten las demandas de los fiscales, concejos y particulares que no estarían relacionadas con pleitos pendientes (los que se estaban aún tramitando, tanto en la sala de Hijosdalgo como en las salas de lo Civil). Finalmente, por el partido séptimo se reparten las demandas de tildar o sacar prendas y de dar estado conocido.
La sala de Hijosdalgo se estructuraba en dos escribanías. El nombre por el que se conoce cada una de las escribanías es por el apellido del último escribano que la desempeñó hasta que desapareció el tribunal, ya entrado el siglo XIX. Así, las dos escribanías de Hijosdalgo se las denomina: Pangua, y Ajo y Villegas. Para poder optar a ser escribano de Hijosdalgo, la edad mínima que se debía tener era de 25 años y ser de condición hidalga.
De forma rotatoria se constituían en escribanos semaneros de la sala de la que dependían, desempeñando funciones administrativas de la sala y de canalización de documentos a las escribanías correspondientes.
Los notarios de los reinos contaban cada uno con su correspondiente escribanía, y eran nombrados por el notario correspondiente. Cuando en 1572 desaparecen las escribanías, sus escribanos quedaron adscritos a los alcaldes de Hijosdalgo en lo relativo a los asuntos de alcabalas, que desde entonces pasaron a ser juzgados por los alcaldes. Finalmente los escribanos de alcabalas desaparecerían, pasando sus negocios a ser llevados por las dos escribanías de Hijosdalgo.
The "Hijosdalgo" Court of the Royal Chancellery was the supreme judicial court of the Kingdom of Castilla in terms of lawsuits about the recognition of the lowest states of nobility, their exemptions and privileges.
This court was created inside the Royal Chancellery by the King Enrique II of Castilla in 1371, and when the Queen Isabel I divided the Chancellery in 1494 into two different institutions using the Tagus River as a jurisdictional border, the jurisdiction north or the river remained settled in Valladolid, while the other one was located first in Ciudad Real and later in the city of Granada.
It remained active until the suppression of the Royal Chancellery of Valladolid and the privilege-based society between 1834 and 1836.
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